A corruption probe is an investigation into bribery or other corrupt behaviour by public officials. It may be conducted internally by an organization through disciplinary procedures or externally, usually by police and other specialised anti-crime agencies. Investigations can include questioning, analysing evidence and intercepting telecommunications. Evidence is often gathered through undercover operations. Grand corruption is rarely proved by one piece of evidence so investigations must be thorough, detailed and comprehensive.
Corrupt practices include bribery, influence peddling, embezzlement and fraud. They can be found in the private sector, public organisations and NGOs. However, research suggests that they are less prevalent in democratically controlled institutions than in privately owned businesses or non-governmental organizations (NGOs).
Embezzlement involves someone with access to funds or assets illegally taking control of them. Examples include directing company money to shadow companies or into the pockets of unauthorized employees, skimming foreign aid funds, fraudulent election schemes and scams. Influence peddling is when people use their position in a trusted relationship to gain or maintain a business advantage or advance their career. This can include securing a government contract by offering kickbacks, accepting gifts or favours and granting undue influence over an official or organisation.
Research indicates that transparency and public access to information reduces corruption. Providing the public with details of politicians’ income sources, liabilities and asset level is linked to higher levels of institutional accountability and lower misbehaviour such as vote buying. Breaking up monopolies and increasing competition is also associated with reduced corruption.